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<title>ensemble - sciences-et-technologie</title>
<description>la vérité suffit à elle même</description>
<link>http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/sciences-et-technologie/</link>
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<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/11/24/l-enthousiasme-pour-les-nanotechnologies-n-est-pas-partage-p.html</guid>
<title>L'enthousiasme pour les nanotechnologies n'est pas partagé par tout le monde</title>
<link>http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/11/24/l-enthousiasme-pour-les-nanotechnologies-n-est-pas-partage-p.html</link>
<author>noreply@blogs.letelegramme.com (ensemble)</author>
<category>Sciences et technologie</category>
<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 00:07:00 +0100</pubDate>
<description>
&lt;p&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt; &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt; &lt;w:TrackMoves /&gt; &lt;w:TrackFormatting /&gt; &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt; &lt;w:PunctuationKerning /&gt; &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /&gt; &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt; &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt; &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt; &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF /&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;FR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt; &lt;w:Compatibility&gt; &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables /&gt; &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell /&gt; &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct /&gt; &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules /&gt; &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit /&gt; &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /&gt; &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp /&gt; &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables /&gt; &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx /&gt; &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs /&gt; &lt;w:CachedColBalance /&gt; &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt; &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt; &lt;m:mathPr&gt; &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:dispDef /&gt; &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot; /&gt; &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;   DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;   LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot; /&gt; &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable         {mso-style-name:&quot;Tableau Normal&quot;;         mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;         mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;         mso-style-noshow:yes;         mso-style-priority:99;         mso-style-qformat:yes;         mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;         mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;         mso-para-margin-top:0cm;         mso-para-margin-right:0cm;         mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;         mso-para-margin-left:0cm;         line-height:115%;         mso-pagination:widow-orphan;         font-size:11.0pt;         font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;         mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;         mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;         mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;         mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;         mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;         mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 24pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;L'enthousiasme pour les nanotechnologies n'est pas partagé par tout le monde&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Par Catherine Gouëset, publié le 27/10/2009 09:00&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;L EXPRESS&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Les uns regrettent la timidité de l'engagement français pour ces technologies prometteuses, les autres tentent d'alerter l'opinion sur leur éventuel impact sur la santé et l'environnement. Retour sur le développement de cette nouvelle discipline, à l'heure où s'ouvre un débat national.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;title&quot;&gt;Des débuts prometteurs&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1985&lt;/strong&gt; : découverte des &lt;a href=&quot;http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuller%C3%A8ne&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;fullerènes&lt;/a&gt; (minuscules molécules de carbone pur composés de 60 atomes) par Richard Smalley, Robert Curl et Harold Kroto, ce qui leur vaudra le prix Nobel de Chimie en 1996.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990&lt;/strong&gt; : un chercheur d'IBM, Donald Eigler parvient, à l'aide d'un &lt;a href=&quot;http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope_%C3%A0_effet_tunnel&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;microscope à effet tunnel&lt;/a&gt;, à déplacer un à un 35 atomes de &lt;a href=&quot;http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A9non&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;xénon&lt;/a&gt; et à dessiner les initiales d'IBM en utilisant la pointe ultrafine du microscope à la façon d'une pince.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1993&lt;/strong&gt; : première nano expérience réalisée par Donald Eigler. Assemblage de 48 atomes de fer en un tambour électronique.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1996&lt;/strong&gt; : premier transistor électronique unimoléculaire avec un nanotube de carbone.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1997&lt;/strong&gt; : premier amplificateur électromécanique à une seule molécule. Création de la société Zyvex, au Texas, dont l'ambition est de créer le premier nano-assembleur.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1999&lt;/strong&gt; : lancement en France du Réseau de recherche en micro et nanotechnologies (&lt;a href=&quot;http://wwww.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/technologie/reseaux/rmicrotec.htm&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;RMNT&lt;/a&gt;) piloté par le ministère de la Recherche pour favoriser la coopération entre industrie et laboratoires publics.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;title&quot;&gt;Craintes et emballement&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2000&lt;/strong&gt; : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy_pr.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Bill Joy&lt;/a&gt;, l'inventeur du langage informatique Java, s'inquiète publiquement des effets des nanotechnologies dont l'homme pourrait perdre le contrôle.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2001&lt;/strong&gt; : Bill Clinton lance la &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nano.gov/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;National Nanosciences Initiative&lt;/a&gt; ; le marché mondial est évalué à environ 40&amp;nbsp;milliards de&amp;nbsp;dollars.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Janvier 2002&lt;/strong&gt; : création du pôle &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.minatec.com/minatec/historique-minatec&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Minatec&lt;/a&gt; à Grenoble, qui rassemblera, sur le même site, centres de recherche, universités et industriels autour des nanotechnologies. Il sera inauguré en juin 2006.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eté 2002&lt;/strong&gt; : une expérience réalisée par des chercheurs de &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/03/business/as-uses-grow-tiny-materials-safety-is-hard-to-pin-down.html?scp=1&amp;amp;sq=feder%20nanotubes%20lungs%20rats&amp;amp;st=cse&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;DuPont&lt;/a&gt; met en évidence l'impact de fibres de nanotubes de&amp;nbsp;sur les poumons de rats.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Janvier 2003&lt;/strong&gt; : l'organisation écologiste canadienne&amp;nbsp;Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration (ETC) publie un rapport alarmiste intitulé &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://online.sfsu.edu/%7Erone/Nanotech/bigdown.htm&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;The big down&lt;/a&gt;&quot; sur les nanotechnologies et leurs impact potentiel sur la société.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;L'office parlementaire d'évaluation des choix scientifiques et technologiques (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.senat.fr/rap/r02-138/r02-138_mono.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;OPECST&lt;/a&gt;) juge trop timide l'appui public à la recherche sur l'infiniment petit.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Février 2003&lt;/strong&gt; : Jacques Chirac inaugure un centre de recherche en nanotechnologie baptisé &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.neteco.com/46082-m-chirac-inaugure-un-centre-r-d-au-sein-du-pole-minatec.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Crolles 2&lt;/a&gt;, du nom de la commune iséroise où il est implanté.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Octobre 2003&lt;/strong&gt; : un rapport d'étape du &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cgm.org/themes/deveco/develop/nanofinal.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Conseil général des Mines&lt;/a&gt; réclame une réflexion de fond sur la question.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Avril 2004&lt;/strong&gt; : le Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA) signe un &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.st.com/stonline/press/news/year2004/fra/nanotecfr.htm&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;contrat de recherche&lt;/a&gt; avec STMicroelectronics, Philips et Motorola en vue de développer la nanoélectronique.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Décembre 2004&lt;/strong&gt; : le ministre de la Recherche François d'Aubert annonce la &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.internetactu.net/2004/12/27/r3n-cap-sur-la-nano-en-france/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;création&lt;/a&gt; du Réseau national en nanosciences et nanotechnologies (R3N) chargé de développer la synergie entre les acteurs de la recherche publique et industrielle. Il sera doté en 2005 de 70 millions d'euros provenant de la future Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Avril 2005&lt;/strong&gt; : le programme &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nanosafe.org/scripts/home/publigen/content/templates/show.asp?L=EN&amp;amp;P=55&amp;amp;vTicker=alleza&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Nanosafe2&lt;/a&gt; financé par l'Union européenne met au point une base de données sur les questions toxicologiques et environnementales liées aux nanoparticules.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Juin 2006&lt;/strong&gt; : le Comité de prévention et de précaution (CPP) chargé par le ministère de l'Écologie de se pencher sur les risques des nanoparticules &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/Avis-du-Comite-de-la-Prevention-et.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;recommande&lt;/a&gt; un recensement des nanoparticules. Il demande également que leur traçabilité soit assurée, de la production à leur destruction ou recyclage, que soient proposées des normes de précaution dans le monde du travail et préconise une information du public.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Novembre 2006&lt;/strong&gt; : le sénateur &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/rap-off/i3658.asp&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Claude Saunier&lt;/a&gt; lance une audition publique sur les risques des nanotechnologies, dans le cadre de l'office parlementaire Opecst.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Janvier 2007&lt;/strong&gt; : le CEA&amp;nbsp;annonce la création à Grenoble, dans les trois ans, d'une clinique expérimentale, baptisée &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grenoble-universites.fr/1245936347981/0/fiche___actualite/&amp;amp;RH=&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Clin@tec&lt;/a&gt;, qui développera les nanotechnologies dans le secteur chirurgical pour traiter certaines maladies neurovégétatives.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Des chercheurs français vont étudier pendant trois ans l'&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.actu-environnement.com/ae/news/nanotube_cnrs_etude_sante_toxicite_2180.php4&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;éventuelle toxicité&lt;/a&gt; des nanotubes de carbone, avec le soutien financier de 300&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;euros de l'Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mars 2007&lt;/strong&gt; : deux études présentées lors de la réunion annuelle de la société américaine de chimie à Chicago indiquent que l' impact des nanotubes de carbone sur les cellules et bactéries &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bio-therapy.net/content/view/1648/105/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;dépend de la forme que prennent ces matériaux&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Le Comité national d'éthique pour les sciences de la vie et de la santé (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ccne-ethique.fr/docs/fr/avis096.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;CCNE&lt;/a&gt;) réclame la transparence sur les nanosciences.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mai 2007&lt;/strong&gt; : l'Observatoire des micro et nanotechnologies (OMNT), accueilli au sein du pôle Minatec, crée un &lt;a href=&quot;http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/communique/1104.htm&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;groupe de travail&lt;/a&gt; multidisciplinaire chargé d'assurer une veille scientifique sur les effets des nanoparticules et nanomatériaux sur la santé et l'environnement.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Janvier 2008&lt;/strong&gt; : Le &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.instituts-carnot.eu/fr/node/48&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;CEA Leti&lt;/a&gt; de Grenoble et l'institut de recherche californien Caltech &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cea.fr/le_cea/actualites/signature_d_un_partenariat_leti_et_caltech_-5104&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;signent une alliance&lt;/a&gt; sur les nanosystèmes.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Avec 70&amp;nbsp;millions d'euros d'aides publiques, la France se situe au &lt;a href=&quot;http://fr.newspeg.com/Linvestissement-priv%C3%A9-est-encore-trop-faible-9539250.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;deuxième rang&lt;/a&gt; européen derrière l'Allemagne, selon les estimations 2007 du cabinet Développement &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp;Conseil.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Février 2008&lt;/strong&gt; : Daniel Bloch, médecin du travail au CEA à Grenoble,&amp;nbsp;lance un &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.futura-sciences.com/fr/news/t/medecine/d/les-nanoparticules-sont-dangereuses-pour-la-sante_14561/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;cri d'alarme&lt;/a&gt; concernant la banalisation des nanoparticules dans l'environnement et les risques pour notre santé.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Selon une enquête d'opinion présentée lors du congrès annuel de l'Association américaine pour l'avancement des sciences (AAAS), seuls 29,5 % des Américains&amp;nbsp; jugent &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2008/02/two-thirds-of-a/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;moralement acceptables&lt;/a&gt;&quot; les nanotechnologies.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mai 2008&lt;/strong&gt; : trois nouvelles études montrent que&amp;nbsp;ces nouveaux matériaux &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lefigaro.fr/sciences/2008/05/22/01008-20080522ARTFIG00349-les-nanotubes-decarbone-aussi-nocifs-que-l-amiante.php&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;présentent un risque pour&amp;nbsp;la santé&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Avril 2008&lt;/strong&gt;, le journal &lt;em&gt;Nature&lt;/em&gt; rapporte la mise au point, par le laboratoire de Hewlett-Packard, d'une &quot;résistance dotée d'une mémoire&quot;, baptisée &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080430/full/news.2008.789.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;memristor&quot;&lt;/a&gt; (memory resistor).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;10 octobre 2008&lt;/strong&gt; : une expertise de l'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire de l'environnement et du travail (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lesechos.fr/info/innovation/4783837.htm&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Afsset&lt;/a&gt;) conclut que les nanoparticules doivent être considérées et manipulées comme les matières dangereuses.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Avril 2009&lt;/strong&gt; : des chercheurs français et américains annoncent vouloir créer un Groupement de recherche international (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bulletins-electroniques.com/actualites/58309.htm&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;GDRI&lt;/a&gt;) dans lequel sont impliqués neuf acteurs de la recherche française et huit universités américaines pour étudier l'impact éventuel des nanotechnologies sur la santé et l'environnement.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mai 2009&lt;/strong&gt; : lancement du plan &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid25281/nano-innov-un-plan-en-faveur-des-nanotechnologies.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Nano-Innov&lt;/a&gt; dont l'objectif est d'&quot;embrasser conjointement la nanoélectronique, les nanomatériaux et les nanobiotechnologies&quot;. Des centres d'intégration des nanotechnologies seront créés à Grenoble, Saclay et Toulouse.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Octobre 2009&lt;/strong&gt; : lancement d'un &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lexpansion.com/economie/actualite-high-tech/le-debat-sur-les-nano-technologies-est-lance_201138.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;débat public&lt;/a&gt; sur les &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.debatpublic-nano.org/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;nanotechnologies&lt;/a&gt;, par Jean-Louis Borloo, ministre de l'Ecologie, et Jean Bergougnoux, président de la commission chargée par le gouvernement de l'organiser.&lt;/p&gt;
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<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/11/21/le-collisionneur-du-cern-victime-d-un-volatile-arme-de-pain.html</guid>
<title>Le collisionneur du CERN victime d'un volatile armé de pain</title>
<link>http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/11/21/le-collisionneur-du-cern-victime-d-un-volatile-arme-de-pain.html</link>
<author>noreply@blogs.letelegramme.com (ensemble)</author>
<category>Sciences et technologie</category>
<pubDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2009 00:41:00 +0100</pubDate>
<description>
&lt;p&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt; &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt; &lt;w:TrackMoves /&gt; &lt;w:TrackFormatting /&gt; &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt; &lt;w:PunctuationKerning /&gt; &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /&gt; &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt; &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt; &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt; &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF /&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;FR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt; &lt;w:Compatibility&gt; &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables /&gt; &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell /&gt; &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct /&gt; &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules /&gt; &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit /&gt; &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /&gt; &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp /&gt; &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables /&gt; &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx /&gt; &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs /&gt; &lt;w:CachedColBalance /&gt; &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt; &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt; &lt;m:mathPr&gt; &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:dispDef /&gt; &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot; /&gt; &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;   DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;   LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; 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&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot; /&gt; &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable         {mso-style-name:&quot;Tableau Normal&quot;;         mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;         mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;         mso-style-noshow:yes;         mso-style-priority:99;         mso-style-qformat:yes;         mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;         mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;         mso-para-margin-top:0cm;         mso-para-margin-right:0cm;         mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;         mso-para-margin-left:0cm;         line-height:115%;         mso-pagination:widow-orphan;         font-size:11.0pt;         font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;         mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;         mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;         mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;         mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;         mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 24pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Le collisionneur du CERN victime d'un volatile armé de pain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;LE MONDE | 13.11.09 | 15h54&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Mis à jour le 13.11.09 | 15h54&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;dropcap&quot;&gt;U&lt;/span&gt;ne merveille de technologie, plus grand instrument scientifique du monde, prise en défaut par un oiseau et quelques bouts de pain... C'est la mésaventure qui est arrivée, dans la nuit du mardi 3 novembre, au &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/3631/large-hadron.html&quot;&gt;Large Hadron&lt;/a&gt; Collider (LHC) de l'Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire (CERN) de Genève.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Le coupable n'a pas été formellement identifié : une chouette peut-être, mais ce n'est que conjecture. L'arme de l'attentat non plus : seules ont été retrouvées de grosses miettes de pain, qui pourraient provenir d'une baguette. Il semble donc, d'après l'enquête du centre genevois, qu'un volatile ait nuitamment survolé l'un des transformateurs électriques extérieurs alimentant l'accélérateur de particules et inopinément lâché des fragments de la miche qu'il tenait dans son bec. Résultat : un court-circuit qui a affecté deux des huit secteurs (ou arcs de cercle) composant l'anneau de 27 km de circonférence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&quot;Evénement anodin&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;L'incident a été rapidement détecté et le courant rétabli. Mais la coupure a provoqué un léger réchauffement, de - 271,3 °C à - 268 °C, des systèmes cryogéniques qui refroidissent les aimants guidant et concentrant les faisceaux de particules. Deux jours ont été nécessaires pour redescendre la machine à la bonne température.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&quot;Il s'agit d'un événement anodin&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;, auquel les systèmes de sécurité sont parfaitement aptes à faire face, assure le CERN. L'accélérateur lui-même, auquel donnent accès des puits verticaux, est abrité dans une galerie souterraine, entre 100 et 150 mètres de profondeur, sous la frontière franco-suisse. Plusieurs transformateurs électriques sont installés en surface dans l'enceinte du centre, très gourmand en énergie. A lui seul, le LHC exige une puissance de 120 mégawatts, l'équivalent de la consommation domestique du canton de Genève. Sur ces transformateurs, de tels courts-circuits, provoqués notamment par les orages, seraient fréquents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&quot;L'oiseau s'en est tiré sain et sauf&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;, plaisante le CERN. Rien de comparable, cette fois, avec la défaillance d'une connexion électrique interne qui, le 19 septembre 2008, neuf jours après sa mise en service, avait entraîné l'arrêt de la machine, depuis lors en réparation. Les travaux sont aujourd'hui terminés et les tests préalables au redémarrage ont été menés avec succès. Fin octobre, les protons ont fait leur retour dans l'accélérateur, où des faisceaux ont été injectés dans deux secteurs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Le 7 novembre, des particules ont circulé sur une moitié de la circonférence de l'anneau. Dans les prochaines semaines, elles devraient effectuer un tour complet dans les deux sens, mais sans se croiser. Les premières collisions sont espérées avant la fin de l'année, dans un premier temps à basse énergie. Ce n'est qu'en 2010 que commencera la vraie physique : la recherche de la matière noire, de l'antimatière et du boson d'Higgs. Si un nouveau grain de sable n'enraye pas la ronde des particules.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Pierre Le Hir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
</item>
<item>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/10/21/acidification-des-oceans-de-graves-impacts-sur-la-faune-ocea.html</guid>
<title>Acidification des océans : de graves impacts sur la faune océanique</title>
<link>http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/10/21/acidification-des-oceans-de-graves-impacts-sur-la-faune-ocea.html</link>
<author>noreply@blogs.letelegramme.com (ensemble)</author>
<category>Sciences et technologie</category>
<pubDate>Wed, 21 Oct 2009 03:12:00 +0200</pubDate>
<description>
&lt;p&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt; &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt; &lt;w:TrackMoves /&gt; &lt;w:TrackFormatting /&gt; &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt; &lt;w:PunctuationKerning /&gt; &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /&gt; &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt; &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt; &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt; &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF /&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;FR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt; &lt;w:Compatibility&gt; &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables /&gt; &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell /&gt; &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct /&gt; &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules /&gt; &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit /&gt; &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /&gt; &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp /&gt; &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables /&gt; &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx /&gt; 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&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot; /&gt; &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable         {mso-style-name:&quot;Tableau Normal&quot;;         mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;         mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;         mso-style-noshow:yes;         mso-style-priority:99;         mso-style-qformat:yes;         mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;         mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;         mso-para-margin-top:0cm;         mso-para-margin-right:0cm;         mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;         mso-para-margin-left:0cm;         line-height:115%;         mso-pagination:widow-orphan;         font-size:11.0pt;         font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;         mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;         mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;         mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;         mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;         mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;         mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 24pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Acidification des océans : de graves impacts sur la faune océanique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Paru le 2009-09-14 20:16:00 MAXISCIENCES&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;France - En plus du réchauffement climatique, les émissions de gaz carbonique sont à l'origine d'un autre phénomène tout aussi sérieux et inquiétant : l'acidification des océans. Des chercheurs du laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV) viennent de montrer que des organismes marins clés seront profondément affectés par ce phénomène dans les années à venir.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Depuis 1800, le tiers des émissions de &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/co2/index.html&quot;&gt;CO2&lt;/a&gt; liées aux activités humaines a été absorbé par les océans, ce qui équivaut à 1 tonne de CO2 par personne et par an. Cette absorption massive a permis de réduire le &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/changement-climatique/index.html&quot;&gt;changement climatique&lt;/a&gt;, mais elle entraîne un bouleversement de la &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/chimie/index.html&quot;&gt;chimie&lt;/a&gt; de l'&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/eau/index.html&quot;&gt;eau&lt;/a&gt; de mer. Le CO2 absorbé provoque en effet une &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/acidification/index.html&quot;&gt;acidification&lt;/a&gt; des océans et au &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/rythme/index.html&quot;&gt;rythme&lt;/a&gt; des émissions actuelles, on estime que le pH diminuera de 0.4 unités d'ici 2100. Ceci correspond à un triplement de l'acidité moyenne des océans, ce qui est une première pour ces 20 derniers millions d'années.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; L'équipe du LOV dirigée par Jean-Pierre Gattuso a étudié l'&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/impact/index.html&quot;&gt;impact&lt;/a&gt; d'une telle diminution de pH sur divers organismes calcificateurs : les ptéropodes (des escargots marins nageurs) et les coraux profonds vivent dans des zones qui seront parmi les premières à être frappées par l'acidification des océans, alors que leur rôle au sein de leur écosystème est essentiel.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Ainsi, le ptéropode &lt;em&gt;Limacina helicina&lt;/em&gt; joue un rôle important dans la chaîne alimentaire et le fonctionnement de l'écosystème marin arctique. Sa coquille &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/calcaire/index.html&quot;&gt;calcaire&lt;/a&gt; constitue une &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/protection/index.html&quot;&gt;protection&lt;/a&gt; vitale. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/or/index.html&quot;&gt;Or&lt;/a&gt;, l'étude menée au LOV &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/montre/index.html&quot;&gt;montre&lt;/a&gt; que cet &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/escargot/index.html&quot;&gt;escargot&lt;/a&gt; construit sa coquille à une &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/vitesse/index.html&quot;&gt;vitesse&lt;/a&gt; 30 % plus faible lorsqu'il est maintenu dans une eau de &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/mer/index.html&quot;&gt;mer&lt;/a&gt; ayant les caractéristiques attendues en 2100. Une diminution encore plus forte (50 %) a été mesurée chez le &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/corail/index.html&quot;&gt;corail&lt;/a&gt; d'eaux froides &lt;em&gt;Lophelia pertusa&lt;/em&gt;. Alors que les récifs coralliens tropicaux sont formés par un grand &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/nombre/index.html&quot;&gt;nombre&lt;/a&gt; d'espèces, les communautés coralliennes d'eaux froides sont élaborées par une ou deux espèces de coraux mais abritent un grand nombre d'autres espèces. Une diminution de la &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/croissance/index.html&quot;&gt;croissance&lt;/a&gt; des coraux constructeurs par l'acidification des océans peut donc menacer l'existence même de ces édifices.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Ces premiers résultats publiés soulè&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/vent/index.html&quot;&gt;vent&lt;/a&gt; de grandes inquiétudes sur le futur des ptéropodes, des coraux profonds et des organismes qui dépendent d'eux pour leur &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/nutrition/index.html&quot;&gt;nutrition&lt;/a&gt; ou pour leur habitat.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; L'acidification des océans ne peut être contrôlée qu'en limitant les concentrations futures de&amp;nbsp; CO2 dans l'atmosphère. Des négociations visant à la réduction des émissions de &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/gaz/index.html&quot;&gt;gaz&lt;/a&gt; à &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/effet-de-serre/index.html&quot;&gt;effet de serre&lt;/a&gt; (COP 15) sont en &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.maxisciences.com/cours/index.html&quot;&gt;cours&lt;/a&gt; et devraient être finalisées à Copenhague en décembre prochain. Espérons qu'elles n'oublieront pas de prendre en compte le caractère acidifiant du CO2 qui, une fois absorbé dans l'océan, aura des répercussions dramatiques sur de nombreux organismes et écosystèmes marins.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
</item>
<item>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/10/05/polemique-sur-l-experimentation-animale-en-europe.html</guid>
<title>Polémique sur l'expérimentation animale en Europe</title>
<link>http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/10/05/polemique-sur-l-experimentation-animale-en-europe.html</link>
<author>noreply@blogs.letelegramme.com (ensemble)</author>
<category>Sciences et technologie</category>
<pubDate>Mon, 05 Oct 2009 04:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
<description>
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QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot; /&gt; &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable         {mso-style-name:&quot;Tableau Normal&quot;;         mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;         mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;         mso-style-noshow:yes;         mso-style-priority:99;         mso-style-qformat:yes;         mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;         mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;         mso-para-margin-top:0cm;         mso-para-margin-right:0cm;         mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;         mso-para-margin-left:0cm;         line-height:115%;         mso-pagination:widow-orphan;         font-size:11.0pt;         font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;         mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;         mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;         mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;         mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;         mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;         mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 24pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Polémique sur l'expérimentation animale en Europe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;LE MONDE | 31.08.09 | 16h08&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Mis à jour le 31.08.09 | 20h31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;articlecorrespondant&quot;&gt;Bruxelles&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;firstline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;dropcap&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;our protéger les Européens contre les effets des produits chimiques, faudra-t-il sacrifier 54 millions d'animaux de laboratoire au cours de la prochaine décennie, et non 2,5 millions, comme estimé à l'origine par les promoteurs du règlement Reach (Enregistrement, évaluation, autorisation et restriction relatifs aux substances chimiques) ? Le coût pour l'industrie de ces expérimentations animales s'élèvera-t-il à 9,5 milliards d'euros, soit six fois plus que le &quot;devis&quot; initial envisagé par les autorités européennes ?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Le débat a été lancé dans la revue scientifique &lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;, qui a publié, jeudi 27 août, une tribune dans laquelle le toxicologue &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/799f/thomas-hartung.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Thomas Hartung&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (Johns &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/1350/hopkins-university.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Hopkins University&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Baltimore, Maryland) et &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/3e1b/costanza-rovida.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Costanza Rovida&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, une chimiste italienne, estiment que l'Europe ne pourra pas relever le défi posé par Reach.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;De quoi s'agit-il ? Entré en vigueur en 2007, Reach met en demeure l'industrie chimique européenne de répondre, d'ici à dix ans, à la question suivante : les produits commercialisés avant 1981, qui représentent encore 99 % en volume des molécules présentes sur le marché, sont-ils sûrs pour la santé humaine et l'environnement ? Reach prévoit des analyses toxicologiques systématiques pour certaines classes de ces substances et a renversé la charge de la preuve : ce sont les industriels qui doivent démontrer que ces molécules sont sans impact sur la population.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Cette révolution est en cours : fin 2008, 65 000 entreprises avaient &lt;i&gt;&quot;préenregistré&quot;&lt;/i&gt; 140 000 substances à analyser. Sachant que, jusqu'alors, l'Europe n'évaluait que quelques centaines de molécules par an, l'objectif de Reach paraît intenable aux signataires de l'article de &lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;&quot;La toxicologie réglementaire n'a ni les méthodes à haut-débit ni les techniques alternatives à l'expérimentation animale pour tenir l'objectif&quot;&lt;/i&gt;, estiment-ils, appelant à un moratoire sur les tests de toxicologie de la reproduction (soit la majorité des tests sur animaux) tant que des alternatives ne seront pas approuvées.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Thomas Hartung n'est pas le premier toxicologue venu. Jusqu'à il y a peu, il dirigeait le Centre européen pour la validation des méthodes alternatives, un laboratoire de la Commission européenne. Il copréside le septième congrès mondial sur les alternatives à l'utilisation de l'animal dans les sciences de la vie, qui se tient jusqu'au jeudi 3 septembre à Rome. Le 9 juillet, il avait déjà publié, dans &lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;, un article rappelant que l'homme &lt;i&gt;&quot;n'est pas un rat de 70 kg&quot;&lt;/i&gt;, où il appelait à une révolution de la toxicologie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Que penser de ces estimations ? &lt;i&gt;&quot;J'ai le sentiment qu'il a systématiquement choisi les fourchettes hautes&quot;&lt;/i&gt;, note &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/c5ba/eric-thybaud.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Eric Thybaud&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, de l'Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (Ineris). Certes, admet Eric Thybaud, les premières évaluations du coût de Reach étaient fondées sur une Europe à 12 membres, et non 27. Certes, cela augmente le nombre de substances à évaluer, mais toutes ne sont pas produites dans les tonnages nécessitant les tests les plus &quot;gourmands&quot; en animaux. Eric Thybaud concède que les méthodes alternatives méritent d'être développées plus avant, &lt;i&gt;&quot;le paradoxe étant que, dans un premier temps, pour y parvenir, il va falloir augmenter l'expérimentation animale&quot;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Pour le directeur général de l'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire de l'environnement et du travail (Afsset), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/41a4/martin-guespereau.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Martin Guespereau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, l'argumentaire de Thomas Hartung est assez proche de celui de l'industrie chimique : Reach serait infaisable et trop cher. &lt;i&gt;&quot;La question du coût donne lieu à des évaluations très variables,&lt;/i&gt; rappelle-t-il. &lt;i&gt;Mais l'Europe estime le bénéfice à 50 milliards sur trente ans, en raison notamment du nombre de morts humaines évitées.&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Sans surprise, la Commission européenne conteste les conclusions de l'article de &lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;. D'après &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/96e8/ton-van.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Ton Van&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Lierop, porte-parole du commissaire européen chargé de l'industrie, le nombre des substances enregistrées devrait au final rester proche des estimations initiales, soit quelque 30 000 produits.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Quant aux tests sur les animaux, la commission affirme vouloir les limiter, par le partage de données entre les industriels et les tests alternatifs. &lt;i&gt;&quot;Ils ne sont pas impératifs avant l'enregistrement définitif des produits. Il s'agit de proposer une méthode d'évaluation, c'est ensuite à l'Agence européenne des produits chimiques (ECHA) de dire s'il faut passer aux tests&quot;&lt;/i&gt;, assure M. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/87b9/van-lierop.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Van Lierop&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Dans un communiqué diffusé le 28 août, l'ECHA affirme que l'analyse publiée dans &lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt; est &lt;i&gt;&quot;inexacte&quot;&lt;/i&gt; et qu'elle surévalue par six le nombre d'animaux nécessaires. Mais elle reconnaît qu'il en faudra 9 millions et non 2,6 millions, comme avancé en 2004. Pour l'ECHA, le coût de ces tests sera bien de 1,3 milliard d'euros, et non 9,5 milliards.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;L'industrie chimique reste, quant à elle, prudente sur les chiffres. &lt;i&gt;&quot;Nous ne disposons pas encore de l'inventaire des données toxicologiques manquantes, qui déterminera in fine le volume des essais animaux à faire&quot;&lt;/i&gt;, note &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/75b0/catherine-lequime.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Catherine Lequime&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, responsable Reach à l'Union des industries chimiques française.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Thomas Hartung maintient son analyse : &lt;i&gt;&quot;J'aimerais qu'on me prouve en quoi nos chiffres sont faux, car je veux que Reach réussisse. Mais nous démontrons que le test de reproduction constitue à lui seul un goulot d'étranglement. Il faut en tenir compte pour amender le système. Refuser des calculs relativement simples ne changera rien à l'affaire.&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;L'article de &lt;i&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt; va donner de précieux arguments aux associations de défense des animaux, qui se sont manifestées dans le même sens au mois d'août. D'après ces organisations, les obligations introduites par Reach &lt;i&gt;&quot;pourraient se traduire en souffrances et décès inutiles de plus de 4 millions d'animaux&quot;&lt;/i&gt;. La mécanique de Reach, ajoutent-elles, pousserait l'industrie à effectuer des &lt;i&gt;&quot;tests préemptifs&quot;&lt;/i&gt;, afin de respecter les délais, et non en dernier recours, comme stipulé par le règlement européen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Hervé Morin et Philippe Ricard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;fen&quot; id=&quot;fen&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Un long processus d'évaluation et d'enregistrement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Le calendrier d'application du règlement européen Reach (acronyme pour Enregistrement, évaluation, autorisation et restriction relatifs aux substances chimiques) s'étend sur plus de dix années.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Ce règlement contraint l'industrie chimique à faire la preuve que les produits mis sur le marché avant 1981 et toujours commercialisés à raison de plus d'une tonne par an ne présentent pas de risque pour la santé publique ou l'environnement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1&lt;sup&gt;er&lt;/sup&gt; juin 2007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Entrée en vigueur de Reach dans l'Union européenne.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Décembre 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Fin de la période de préenregistrement, qui permet aux importateurs et aux fabricants de bénéficier d'un régime transitoire d'utilisation de leurs produits. L'ECHA (Agence européenne des produits chimiques) a comptabilisé 140 000 substances préenregistrées, contre 29 000 attendues.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Décembre 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Date limite pour l'enregistrement des substances dont plus de mille tonnes sont commercialisées chaque année et de celles qui sont les plus préoccupantes en termes de santé et d'atteinte potentielle à l'environnement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Les dossiers d'enregistrement doivent comporter des données toxicologiques, notamment des résultats de tests in vivo sur la toxicité pour la reproduction. L'ECHA valide les propositions d'essais animaux des industriels.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Juin 2013&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Date limite d'enregistrement pour les produits dont les échanges dépassent cent tonnes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Juin 2018&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Date limite d'enregistrement pour les substances représentant plus d'une tonne.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
</item>
<item>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/09/29/reach-pourrait-couter-6-fois-plus-cher-que-prevu.html</guid>
<title>Reach pourrait coûter 6 fois plus cher que prévu</title>
<link>http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/09/29/reach-pourrait-couter-6-fois-plus-cher-que-prevu.html</link>
<author>noreply@blogs.letelegramme.com (ensemble)</author>
<category>Sciences et technologie</category>
<pubDate>Tue, 29 Sep 2009 03:35:00 +0200</pubDate>
<description>
&lt;p&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt; &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt; &lt;w:TrackMoves /&gt; &lt;w:TrackFormatting /&gt; &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt; &lt;w:PunctuationKerning /&gt; &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /&gt; &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt; &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt; &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt; &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF /&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;FR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt; &lt;w:Compatibility&gt; &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables /&gt; &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell /&gt; &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct /&gt; &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules /&gt; &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit /&gt; &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /&gt; &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp /&gt; &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables /&gt; &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx /&gt; 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&lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; 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QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot; /&gt; &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable         {mso-style-name:&quot;Tableau Normal&quot;;         mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;         mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;         mso-style-noshow:yes;         mso-style-priority:99;         mso-style-qformat:yes;         mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;         mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;         mso-para-margin-top:0cm;         mso-para-margin-right:0cm;         mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;         mso-para-margin-left:0cm;         line-height:115%;         mso-pagination:widow-orphan;         font-size:11.0pt;         font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;         mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;         mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;         mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;         mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;         mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;         mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Reach pourrait coûter 6 fois plus cher que prévu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;28/08/2009&amp;nbsp;11:16 JOURNAL DE L ENVIRONNMENT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;L’application de Reach, le règlement européen sur les produits chimiques, pourrait coûter 9,5 milliards d’euros et entraîner la mort de 54 millions de cobayes sur les 10 prochaines années, selon les calculs de Thomas Hartung, directeur du centre pour les méthodes alternatives aux tests chez l’animal de l’université Johns Hopkins (Etats-Unis) et de Costanza Rovida, chimiste et consultante privée (Italie) (1). Les estimations antérieures, dont la plus récente date de 2004, avaient évalué ces coûts entre 1,6 à 2 milliards d’€ et 2,6 millions d’animaux.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Entre temps, ce sont 143.000 substances, au lieu des 29.000 initialement prévues, qui ont été pré-enregistrées par l’Agence européenne des produits chimiques (Echa) en décembre 2008. Au final, les auteurs estiment qu’entre 68.000 et 101.000 substances vendues en Europe à plus d’une tonne par an devront être évaluées dans le cadre de Reach. Leur analyse a évalué le coût nécessaire pour tester la toxicité de 68.000 substances. Parmi les autres facteurs ayant contribué à augmenter les coûts de Reach figurent des modifications de la législation finale ainsi que l’élargissement de l’UE à 27 Etats membres. A l’inverse, le développement des méthodes alternatives ou de l’accès aux données des industriels permettraient de réduire ces coûts.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; D’après leur étude, 90% des cobayes et 70% des coûts de Reach sont utilisés par les tests de toxicité pour la reproduction, qui nécessitent deux générations de deux espèces animales distinctes. Dans un article publié le 26 août dans Nature (2), les auteurs appellent au moratoire de ces tests jusqu’à la validation d’une méthode alternative; sinon, il faudrait les limiter aux substances les plus suspectes et leur allouer un délai supplémentaire.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; «En tant que toxicologue, je soutiens les objectifs de Reach (…). Pourtant, je crains que nous ayons sous-évalué l’immensité du défi qu’il représente. Investir dans les méthodes alternatives est un besoin urgent», explique Thomas Hartung. La réflexion devrait se poursuivre lors du 7e congrès mondial sur les méthodes alternatives qui aura lieu du 30 août au 3 septembre à Rome.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; xml:lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;(1) «Re-Evaluation of Animal Numbers and Costs for In Vivo Tests to Accomplish REACH Legislation Requirements for Chemicals – a Report by the Transatlantic Think Tank for Toxicology» Rovida C. et Hartung T., Altex n°26, p.1-22 (septembre 2009)&lt;br /&gt; (2) «Chemical regulators have overreached», Rovida C. et Hartung T., Nature, vol. 460, p. 1080-1081 (26 août 2009)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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</item>
<item>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/09/26/antarctique-flux-d-eau-sous-la-glace-polaire.html</guid>
<title>Antarctique : flux d'eau sous la glace polaire</title>
<link>http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/09/26/antarctique-flux-d-eau-sous-la-glace-polaire.html</link>
<author>noreply@blogs.letelegramme.com (ensemble)</author>
<category>Sciences et technologie</category>
<pubDate>Sat, 26 Sep 2009 03:54:00 +0200</pubDate>
<description>
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Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; 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        mso-style-qformat:yes;         mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;         mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;         mso-para-margin-top:0cm;         mso-para-margin-right:0cm;         mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;         mso-para-margin-left:0cm;         line-height:115%;         mso-pagination:widow-orphan;         font-size:11.0pt;         font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;         mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;         mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;         mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;         mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;         mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;         mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Antarctique : flux d'eau sous la glace polaire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;26 août 2009 SCIENCES²&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Les &lt;strong&gt;lacs sous-glaciaires&lt;/strong&gt; de l'Antarctique ne sont pas immobiles. Ils peuvent se connecter et donner lieu à des transferts rapides d'eau entre lacs. Et, ainsi, favoriser une &lt;strong&gt;instabilité&lt;/strong&gt; de certaines parties de la calotte glaciaire, précipitant la marche des glaciers vers l'océan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Cette &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/active_lakes.html&quot;&gt;découverte&lt;/a&gt; provient de l'analyse par l'équipe dirigée par Benjamin Smith (Université de Washington, Seattle) de plus de quatre ans de mesures altimétriques de la calotte glaciaire par le laser du satellite &lt;a href=&quot;http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/&quot;&gt;ICESat de la Nasa&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Depuis de nombreuses années, les glaciologues savent qu'il se trouve des lacs, certains très importants, sous la glace de l'Antarctique. Le sol rocheux étant beaucoup moins froid que la surface de la glace, et la pression aidant, l'eau peut s'y trouver sous forme liquide. Les glaciologues ont déja repéré pas moins de &lt;strong&gt;280 de ces lacs (image ci dessus)&lt;/strong&gt;. Mais &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.igsoc.org/journal/55/192/j09J034.pdf&quot;&gt;le travail de Benjamin Smith&lt;/a&gt; et de son équipe montre que 124 de ces lacs sont «&lt;em&gt;actifs&lt;/em&gt;». Plus exactement, leur volume d'eau semble varier, ce qui se traduit par de légers mouvements verticaux à la surface de la calotte glaciaire.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Surtout, les glaciologues ont pu montrer que nombre de ces lacs sont manifestement connectés, car des mouvements à la hausse et à la baisse simultanés prouvent qu'il y a un jeu de vases communicants entre certains lacs. Si les mouvements peuvent être lents et à courte distance, ils peuvent également être rapides et sur des centaines de kilomètres. Comme une bonne part de ces lacs sont situés sous ou à proximité des «fleuves de glaces» - les glaciers qui glissent vers l'océan - ce phénomène pourrait participer d'une sorte de lubrification plus ou moins active de ces «fleuves». S'il se renforçait dans le futur, il pourrait contribuer à augmenter le volume de glace continentale rejeté chaque année à la mer et ainsi élever son niveau.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Le plus célèbre de ces lacs se situe sous le site de la station russe &lt;strong&gt;Vostok&lt;/strong&gt;. C'est là que, au début des années 1980, les foreurs russes ont réussi à récupérer une carotte de glace permettant de reconstituer 150 000 ans de climat. Claude Lorius avait réussi a en obtenir des échantillons qui, analysés à &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lsce.ipsl.fr/&quot;&gt;Saclay (Commissariat à l'énergie atomique)&lt;/a&gt; par l'équipe de &lt;strong&gt;Jean Jouzel&lt;/strong&gt; et à Grenoble (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-lgge.ujf-grenoble.fr/&quot;&gt;LGGE, Cnrs&lt;/a&gt;) par celle de &lt;strong&gt;Claude Lorius&lt;/strong&gt;, ont révélé, pour la première fois, les relations entre les évolutions des teneurs en gaz à effet de serre et celles du climat planétaire, un travail publié en 1987 qui a joué un grand rôle dans la prise de conscience du problème climatique posé par nos émissions de gaz à effet de serre.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Depuis, ce lac a été soupçonné d'abriter des micro-organismes specifiques. Mais une première analyse américaine qui, en 1999, prétendait y avoir trouvé des bactéries a ensuite été démolie par les scientifiques de Grenoble, aidés d'un spécialiste russe. J'ai raconté cette histoire en détail &lt;span class=&quot;at-xid-6a00e5500b4a6488330120a51f80e8970b&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sciences.blogs.liberation.fr/files/vostok_bact%C3%A9ries.pdf&quot;&gt;ici&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; et &lt;span class=&quot;at-xid-6a00e5500b4a6488330120a5764a25970c&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sciences.blogs.liberation.fr/files/bact%C3%A9ries-vostok.pdf&quot;&gt;ici&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; dans &lt;em&gt;Libération&lt;/em&gt; en 2002 et 2004.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
</item>
<item>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/09/12/il-est-si-facile-de-falsifier-de-l-adn.html</guid>
<title>Il est si facile de falsifier de l'ADN</title>
<link>http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/09/12/il-est-si-facile-de-falsifier-de-l-adn.html</link>
<author>noreply@blogs.letelegramme.com (ensemble)</author>
<category>Sciences et technologie</category>
<pubDate>Sat, 12 Sep 2009 03:14:00 +0200</pubDate>
<description>
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Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; 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/&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot; /&gt; &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable         {mso-style-name:&quot;Tableau Normal&quot;;         mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;         mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;         mso-style-noshow:yes;         mso-style-priority:99;         mso-style-qformat:yes;         mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;         mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;         mso-para-margin-top:0cm;         mso-para-margin-right:0cm;         mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;         mso-para-margin-left:0cm;         line-height:115%;         mso-pagination:widow-orphan;         font-size:11.0pt;         font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;         mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;         mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;         mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;         mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;         mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;         mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 24pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Il est si facile de falsifier de l'ADN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;LEMONDE.FR avec AFP | 20.08.09 | 10h54&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Mis à jour le 20.08.09 | 11h03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;dropcap&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;es scientifiques israéliens ont découvert qu'il est aisé de contrefaire de l'ADN humain dans un but frauduleux de substitution d'identité génétique, notamment dans le cadre de relevés de scènes de crime. Dans le numéro de juin de la revue scientifique trimestrielle &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fsigenetics.com/article/S1872-4973%2809%2900099-4/abstract&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;FSI Genetics&lt;/a&gt;, le chercheur &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/19c2/dan-frumkin.html&quot;&gt;Dan Frumkin&lt;/a&gt; et ses collègues publient les résultats d'une étude au cours de laquelle ils ont produit des échantillons de sang à partir d'ADN falsifié. Ils ont ensuite fait tester ce sang par les laboratoires de pointe de la police scientifique, qui n'ont rien décelé d'anormal.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Selon ces chercheurs cités par &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/2596048/DNA-can-be-faked-say-Israeli-scientists.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Sun&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, il n'est pas difficile, avec un matériel élémentaire et des connaissances équivalentes à celles d'un étudiant de première année en faculté de biologie, de fabriquer artificiellement des échantillons d'ADN qui peuvent être incorporés dans la salive et le sang humain. On peut ainsi disséminer directement de l'ADN faux sur le lieu d'un crime. &lt;em&gt;&quot;Aujourd'hui, les méthodes d'identification ne permettent pas de distinguer entre des prélèvements de sang, de salive ou des surfaces en contact avec de l'ADN artificiel&quot;&lt;/em&gt;, écrit M. Frumkin.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;LE FBI N'Y A VU QUE DU FEU&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Pour fabriquer de grandes quantités d'ADN artificiel, il suffit d'envoyer une tasse de café sale ou un mégot de cigarette à un laboratoire, et pour une somme relativement modique, l'échantillon d'ADN collecté peut être identifié, puis reproduit et réexpédié dans une éprouvette&quot;&lt;/em&gt;, explique à l'AFP &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/40d2/elon-ganor.html&quot;&gt;Elon Ganor&lt;/a&gt;, PDG et co-fondateur avec M. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/e6cb/frumkin-de-nucleix.html&quot;&gt;Frumkin de Nucleix&lt;/a&gt;, une start-up israélienne spécialisée dans l'analyse d'ADN. Il suffit alors d'implanter ces échantillons d'ADN, ainsi produits selon la technique dite de &lt;em&gt;&quot;l'amplification globale du génome&quot;&lt;/em&gt;, sur le lieu de n'importe quel crime. En conséquence, assure M. Frumkin dans &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1108768.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Haaretz&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;em&gt;&quot;ce n'est qu'une question de temps avant que les criminels ne commencent à produire de l'ADN contrefait&quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Les chercheurs de Nucleix sont aussi capables de modifier l'ADN du sang par centrifugeuse en séparant les cellules rouges des blanches qui contiennent l'ADN d'un individu. L'ADN artificiel est alors ajouté aux cellules rouges, ce qui lui confère un nouveau profil. Un procédé des plus efficaces puisque un laboratoire aux Etats-Unis, qui coopère avec les médecins légistes du FBI (police fédérale américaine), n'a pas réussi à identifier la contrefaçon, raconte M. Ganor.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;LA PREUVE PRESQUE PARFAITE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pour contrecarrer cette possibilité de fraude, Nucleix a développé une méthode scientifique d'authentification de l'ADN qui distingue entre faux et vrais échantillons d'ADN ou même d'identifier de l'ADN &lt;em&gt;&quot;contaminé&quot;&lt;/em&gt; par mélange de plusieurs ADN, et qui permettrait de lutter contre le vol d'identité génétique.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Le recours à l'analyse ADN constitue actuellement un des outils les plus performants, sinon le plus efficace, pour les enquêtes criminelles.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;em&gt;&quot;Dans beaucoup de procès, l'ADN permet de confondre ou d'acquitter un accusé au-delà de tout doute raisonnable&quot;&lt;/em&gt;, souligne &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/1064/adam-friedmann.html&quot;&gt;Adam Friedmann&lt;/a&gt;, un spécialiste israélien de l'analyse ADN, du centre universitaire Ruppin. &lt;em&gt;&quot;Le profil ADN est une excellente technique en constante amélioration qui permet une identification sûre à pratiquement 100 %&quot;&lt;/em&gt;, insiste M. Friedmann. Selon lui, grâce à cette méthode, il est désormais de moins en moins nécessaire d'apporter d'autres types de preuves pour établir la responsabilité criminelle d'un suspect.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
</item>
<item>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/08/18/extinction-de-l-analogique-les-grandes-manoeuvres-ont-commen.html</guid>
<title>Extinction de l'analogique : les grandes manoeuvres ont commencé</title>
<link>http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/08/18/extinction-de-l-analogique-les-grandes-manoeuvres-ont-commen.html</link>
<author>noreply@blogs.letelegramme.com (ensemble)</author>
<category>Sciences et technologie</category>
<pubDate>Tue, 18 Aug 2009 03:13:00 +0200</pubDate>
<description>
&lt;p&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt; &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt; &lt;w:TrackMoves /&gt; &lt;w:TrackFormatting /&gt; &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt; &lt;w:PunctuationKerning /&gt; &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /&gt; &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt; &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt; &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt; &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF /&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;FR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt; &lt;w:Compatibility&gt; &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables /&gt; &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell /&gt; &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct /&gt; &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules /&gt; &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit /&gt; &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /&gt; &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp /&gt; &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables /&gt; &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx /&gt; &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs /&gt; &lt;w:CachedColBalance /&gt; &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt; &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt; &lt;m:mathPr&gt; &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:dispDef /&gt; &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot; /&gt; &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;   DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;   LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot; /&gt; &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable         {mso-style-name:&quot;Tableau Normal&quot;;         mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;         mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;         mso-style-noshow:yes;         mso-style-priority:99;         mso-style-qformat:yes;         mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;         mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;         mso-para-margin-top:0cm;         mso-para-margin-right:0cm;         mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;         mso-para-margin-left:0cm;         line-height:115%;         mso-pagination:widow-orphan;         font-size:11.0pt;         font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;         mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;         mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;         mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;         mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;         mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;         mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Extinction de l'analogique : les grandes manoeuvres ont commencé&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;publié le &amp;nbsp;27 juillet 2009 LOCALTIS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Un arrêté du Premier ministre, en date du 23 juillet 2009, révise le schéma national d'arrêt de la diffusion analogique et de basculement vers le numérique. Alors que la première région doit basculer dans six mois, tous les acteurs - collectivités comprises - prennent leurs marques et s'agitent en coulisses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;L'arrêté modifiant le schéma national d'arrêt de la diffusion analogique et de basculement vers le numérique apporte &quot;un grand nombre d'actualisations&quot; au texte actuellement en vigueur, autrement dit l'arrêté du 22 décembre 2008 qui a approuvé la mise en place de ce schéma. Ce dernier avait déjà été modifié une première fois, mais dans des proportions moins importantes, par un arrêté du 26 mars 2009. La date limite pour l'extinction définitive du signal analogique reste officiellement inchangée au 30 novembre 2011 - elle est fixée par la loi du 5 mars 2009 relative à la communication audiovisuelle et au nouveau service public de la télévision - et le principe d'un basculement progressif des régions à partir du 2 février 2010 est maintenu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Des basculements anticipés&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;L'arrêté du 23 juillet n'en introduit pas moins des changements importants. L'un des principaux réside dans les modifications apportées au calendrier général de l'arrêt de l'analogique, ainsi qu'au calendrier des arrêts anticipés de Canal+ et à la liste des réémetteurs à arrêter dès 2010 pour permettre la diffusion de la TNT sur certains sites régionaux. L'expérience montre en effet qu'il est parfois difficile, dans certaines zones, de faire coïncider momentanément les deux signaux sur une même zone. Ce phénomène était connu, mais il est difficile à modéliser par avance. Le nouveau schéma prévoit par conséquent un arrêt anticipé - par rapport à l'ensemble de la région - dès 2010 pour les réémetteurs entravant la diffusion de la TNT à partir des émetteurs de Grenoble-Chamrousse, Limoges-Les Cars, Gex-Montrond, Chambéry-Mont du Chat, Aurillac-Labastide-du-Haut-Mont, Besançon-Lomont, Besançon-Montfaucon, Privas-Crête de Blandine et Avignon-Mont Ventoux. Le schéma revoit également le calendrier général d'arrêt de l'analogique et de basculement vers le numérique. Il fixe en particulier les dates précises pour Poitou-Charentes et le Centre (19 octobre 2010), la Franche-Comté et la Bourgogne (novembre 2010, jour à préciser) et le Nord-Pas-de-Calais (7 décembre 2010). Une dizaine de régions - dont l'Ile-de-France, Paca, Rhône-Alpes et Midi-Pyrénées - devraient pour leur part basculer au premier et au second semestres 2011. Les dates précises seront fixées ultérieurement par le CSA. Les dates pour l'outre-mer seront elles aussi arrêtées ultérieurement, mais toujours avec une limite au 30 novembre 2011. Le schéma fixe également le calendrier des arrêts anticipés de Canal+ analogique en 2009-2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Un nouveau fonds pour les zones d'ombre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Autre innovation importante : le nouveau schéma précise et organise les actions d'information des téléspectateurs, au niveau national et local. Il prévoit ainsi que la campagne nationale d'information débutera à la mi-septembre 2009 et les campagnes locales neuf mois avant la date prévue pour chaque basculement. Il précise également le &quot;dispositif complet d'assistance&quot; mis en place pour l'occasion, qui &quot;comportera des volets spécifiques au bénéfice de certaines catégories de téléspectateurs&quot;. Si ce dispositif était déjà connu, la nouveauté en la matière vient de l'annonce d'une aide complémentaire de &quot;40 ou 45 millions d'euros&quot; qui complètera celles déjà prévues dans le cadre du fonds d'aide (environ 227 millions d'euros, essentiellement par l'intermédiaire du GIP France Télé Numérique). Annoncée le 22 juillet par le Premier ministre à l'issue de la réunion à Matignon du comité stratégique pour le numérique (CSN), cette nouvelle aide sera destinée &quot;aux foyers modestes non exonérés de redevance ne recevant la télévision que par la voie hertzienne terrestre analogique et qui ne seront pas couverts par la TNT&quot; (autrement dit les téléspectateurs à revenus modestes habitant dans des zones d'ombre de la TNT et qui devront recevoir cette dernière par satellite). Devraient ainsi pouvoir bénéficier de cette nouvelle aide les foyers dont les revenus fiscaux mensuels sont inférieurs à 1,5 Smic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Un calendrier crédible ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Les personnes les plus vulnérables au changement technologique (personnes âgées ou handicapées) pourront pour leur part - quelle que soit leur localisation - bénéficier d'une assistance spécifique mise en place par le GIP France Télé Numérique &quot;en relation avec les collectivités locales&quot;. Cette assistance portera sur le conseil et l'aide nécessaires pour l'achat, la fourniture, l'installation et la prise en main de leur équipement numérique.&lt;br /&gt; Il reste que tous les opérateurs ne sont pas vraiment convaincus par ce calendrier et par la date butoir du 30 novembre 2011 (voir notre article ci-contre du 14 avril 2009). Le nouveau schéma validé par l'arrêté du 23 juillet se veut d'ailleurs lui-même prudent. Il prévoit en effet que &quot;ce schéma sera complété en fonction des enseignements tirés des arrêts successifs, en particulier en matière d'assistance et d'accompagnement des foyers et, enfin, des contraintes résultant de la nécessaire coordination avec les pays voisins dans la mise en œuvre des différents programmes de basculement de l'analogique vers le numérique&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Jean-Noël Escudié / PCA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Référence : arrêté du 23 juillet 2009 portant approbation de la révision du schéma national d'arrêt de la diffusion analogique et de basculement vers le numérique (journal officiel du 24 juillet 2009).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Pressions en tous genres&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;La mise en place de la TNT donne lieu, depuis le lancement du projet, à des manoeuvres en coulisses et des pressions en tous genres. Dans un premier temps, celles-ci étaient avant tout de nature économique, avec en particulier le retard pris par TF1 - qui ne croyait pas au projet - face à la montée des chaînes numériques. Aujourd'hui, les pressions portent sur la mise en oeuvre d'une réforme désormais lancée vers son terme. Le Sénat vient ainsi d'adopter le 20 juillet, en première lecture, une proposition de loi relative à la lutte contre la fracture numérique (voir notre article ci-contre du 22 juillet 2009). Celle-ci prévoit, dans son article 1er D (nouveau) que, dans les deux mois suivant la publication de la loi, &quot;le gouvernement remet au Parlement un rapport sur le soutien financier pouvant être apporté aux foyers qui, à la suite de l'extinction de la diffusion en mode analogique des services de télévision gratuits en clair et du fait qu'ils ne résident pas dans une zone de couverture par la voie hertzienne en mode numérique, devront s'équiper de moyens de réception alternatifs&quot;. Sans portée pratique, cet article vise surtout à mettre la pression sur le gouvernement pour éviter que les collectivités territoriales concernées par les zones d'ombre se retrouvent seules à prendre en charge le financement des solutions alternatives de diffusion. Le message a été entendu, puisque le fonds supplémentaire de 40 à 45 millions d'euros annoncé par le Premier ministre a précisément cet objectif (voir ci-dessus).&lt;br /&gt; De leur côté, les opérateurs en ont plutôt après le CSA, pour des raisons diamétralement opposées. Canal+ vient ainsi de déposer un recours contre le CSA devant le Conseil d'Etat. La chaîne considère en effet que le dispositif retenu par le CSA lui impose de déployer un nombre d'émetteurs supérieur à celui prévu par la loi. La chaîne M6 pourrait faire de même, estimant que les opérateurs privés n'ont pas à financer l'aménagement du territoire.&lt;br /&gt; Dans ce jeu des pressions réciproques, les régions ne sont pas en reste. Première à basculer dans le tout numérique, le 2 février 2010, l'Alsace a vivement protesté - par la voix du président du conseil régional et des deux présidents de conseils généraux - contre le fait que toute la région ne sera pas couverte par la TNT, en raison du manque de fréquences dans certaines zones frontalières. Ces protestations publiques ont fini par porter. Le CSA a fait enfin connaître le détail du taux de couverture : 97,5% dans le Bas-Rhin et 95,3% dans le Haut-Rhin. De son côté, le groupement France Télé numérique a mis sur pied un site dédié et un centre d'appels et nommé une déléguée régionale, chargée d'accompagner le basculement et d'être l'interlocuteur permanent des collectivités territoriales et des professionnels. Il a également indiqué que 100% des Alsaciens auront accès à des chaînes gratuites de la TNT, grâce au relais des programmes par TNTsat et Fransat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
</item>
<item>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/08/15/ou-vont-donc-se-cacher-les-antennes-relais-dans-les-clochers.html</guid>
<title>Où vont donc se cacher les antennes-relais ? Dans les clochers !</title>
<link>http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/08/15/ou-vont-donc-se-cacher-les-antennes-relais-dans-les-clochers.html</link>
<author>noreply@blogs.letelegramme.com (ensemble)</author>
<category>Sciences et technologie</category>
<pubDate>Sat, 15 Aug 2009 03:19:00 +0200</pubDate>
<description>
&lt;p&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt; &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt; &lt;w:TrackMoves /&gt; &lt;w:TrackFormatting /&gt; &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt; &lt;w:PunctuationKerning /&gt; &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /&gt; &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt; &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt; &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt; &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF /&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;FR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt; &lt;w:Compatibility&gt; &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables /&gt; &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell /&gt; &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct /&gt; &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules /&gt; &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit /&gt; &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /&gt; &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp /&gt; &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables /&gt; &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx /&gt; &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs /&gt; &lt;w:CachedColBalance /&gt; &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt; &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt; &lt;m:mathPr&gt; &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:dispDef /&gt; &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot; /&gt; &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;   DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;   LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot; /&gt; &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable         {mso-style-name:&quot;Tableau Normal&quot;;         mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;         mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;         mso-style-noshow:yes;         mso-style-priority:99;         mso-style-qformat:yes;         mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;         mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;         mso-para-margin-top:0cm;         mso-para-margin-right:0cm;         mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;         mso-para-margin-left:0cm;         line-height:115%;         mso-pagination:widow-orphan;         font-size:11.0pt;         font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;         mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;         mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;         mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;         mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;         mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;         mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 24pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Où vont donc se cacher les antennes-relais ? Dans les clochers !&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;LE MONDE | 24.07.09 | 15h05&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Mis à jour le 24.07.09 | 16h17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;dropcap&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;dmirée pour ses vestiges de l'art roman, l'église abbatiale d'Andlau, dans le Bas-Rhin, abrite dans son clocher un objet de la modernité dont certains habitants de ce bourg de 1 700 habitants se seraient bien passé : une antenne-relais de téléphonie mobile. Bien camouflée, elle est difficile à distinguer. L'Eglise catholique, alliée objective des opérateurs de téléphonie mobile en quête de &quot;sommets&quot; pour assurer une bonne couverture du territoire ? Engagés depuis le 4 juillet dans un &quot;AlterTour&quot; destiné, entre autres, à réaliser des &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&quot;contrôles antidopage électromagnétique&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, des militants écolo-associatifs ont découvert cette alliance cocasse, alors que, mesurant les fréquences, ils s'étonnaient de ne pas repérer d'antenne dans le village. La caravane de l'AlterTour s'est indignée de cette &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&quot;utilisation d'un monument à visée spirituelle par des opérateurs téléphoniques à visée commerciale&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Les associations en pointe contre les dangers sanitaires de la téléphonie mobile n'ignorent pas la méfiance de la hiérarchie catholique à l'égard de la présence de ces antennes pour des motifs moraux : les églises doivent-elles favoriser le business des opérateurs ? Sont-elles des lieux appropriés pour relayer des contenus qui peuvent être douteux aux yeux des catholiques ? Décidées à contrer les opérateurs par tous les moyens, elles ne négligent aucune piste. Y compris celle des sacristies.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;De l'Alsace à Rhône-Alpes, la pose d'antennes dans les clochers ne date pas d'hier. Selon l'Association française des opérateurs de téléphonie mobile (AFOM), environ 2 % des 50 000 antennes qui quadrillent le territoire y sont installées. En quête de &quot;points hauts&quot; - châteaux d'eau, silos, etc. -, SFR, Bouygues et Orange se voient souvent proposer le clocher par les maires eux-mêmes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;L'archevêque de Lyon, Mgr Barbarin, a relayé la protestation de la conférence des évêques de France. Sans succès. Les installations se poursuivent, sans toujours recueillir l'assentiment des riverains ni des curés. Ce qui pose un problème au plan juridique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Les églises appartiennent aux communes. Une pose d'antenne dans un clocher relève donc de la compétence du maire. Mais le curé a-t-il son mot à dire ? Interpellé par ses électeurs, quelques-uns des maires des 750 villages de Moselle, le sénateur &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/08cb/jean-louis-masson.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Jean-Louis Masson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (non-inscrits) a voulu en avoir le coeur net. &lt;i&gt;&quot;Le débat s'est posé avec force au début de l'année quand plusieurs associations ont commencé à protester contre la présence de ces antennes. Les maires voulaient savoir s'ils pouvaient décider seuls d'une installation sans l'accord et sans aucune consultation du prêtre, ni du Conseil de fabrique&quot;&lt;/i&gt;, raconte M. Masson.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Institution spécifique au régime concordataire d'Alsace-Moselle, le Conseil de fabrique, qui réunit le maire, le curé et des paroissiens, est un établissement public qui gère les revenus et les biens de l'église. Dès lors, qui décide : le maire ou le curé ? La réponse du ministère de l'intérieur datée du 18 juin 2009 à la question écrite posée par le sénateur rappelle la prééminence de la commune mais pointe le droit de l'église : &lt;i&gt;&quot;Dès lors que l'église est affectée au culte, cette décision nécessite l'accord du prêtre en charge de la paroisse qui dispose du pouvoir de police dans l'édifice.&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Dans les faits, un prêtre qui n'est pas d'accord peut déposer un recours dans les deux mois qui suivent l'affichage du début des travaux. Deux mois, c'est court, estime &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/db04/jean-michel-dhimoila.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Jean-Michel Dhimoïla&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, du collectif &quot;Respem&quot; (Rassemblement pour des écoles sans pollution électromagnétique). Ce militant assure que dans de nombreuses petites communes comme, dans le département du Rhône, Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, Dardilly, Francheville le haut, des antennes relais ont été posées sans l'accord des prêtres. A Lyon, le collectif &quot;Non aux antennes téléphoniques de l'église du &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/491e/bon-pasteur.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Bon Pasteur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&quot; a réussi à mobiliser à temps &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/8c8f/michel-durand.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Michel Durand&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, le curé de cette église située sur les pentes de la Croix-Rousse. L'homme d'église a fait valoir, dans un courrier adressé à la mairie, son opposition au nom de la protection sanitaire de ses ouailles. Le recours en justice déposé en avril par le collectif met en avant deux arguments : le principe de précaution d'une part, l'absence d'autorisation de l'église d'autre part.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Ce flou juridique entretient des &quot;clochemerle&quot; de la téléphonie mobile. A Andlau, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/37e5/raymonde-bianchi.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Raymonde Bianchi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; était déjà conseillère municipale quand la décision de la pose d'une première antenne sur le clocher de l'église Saint-Jean a été décidée, il y a plusieurs années de cela. Elle se souvient des moqueries quand elle a émis des réserves en évoquant de possibles risques pour la santé. &lt;i&gt;&quot;Le curé de l'époque n'était pas chaud mais on lui a dit : &quot;c'est comme ça et pas autrement&quot;.&quot;&lt;/i&gt; Interrogé, le curé d'aujourd'hui préfère ne pas s'exprimer &lt;i&gt;&quot;sur une question aussi complexe&quot;&lt;/i&gt; et renvoie... au maire. Un édile qui reste muet lui aussi. M&lt;sup&gt;me&lt;/sup&gt; Bianchi assure que d'autres villages depuis ont réussi à s'opposer à de telles décisions via, justement, le Conseil de fabrique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Les antennes relais seraient-elles devenues des abcès de fixation dans les villages ? Ou risquent-elles de le devenir dans la perspective d'installation d'autres antennes, comme celles apportant la technologie 3G ? Oui, mais pour les obtenir pas pour les détruire, insiste le sénateur de Moselle qui indique &lt;i&gt;&quot;avoir cent fois plus de maires qui viennent le voir parce que leur commune n'a pas l'Internet à haut débit. Là, ils deviennent méchants ! Et ils sont même prêts à payer pour ça&quot;&lt;/i&gt;. Un financement mixte opérateurs-communes existe en effet, mais seulement dans le cadre du programme gouvernemental destiné à couvrir les zones blanches d'ici à fin 2011. Dans tous les autres cas, l'installation est à la charge de l'opérateur et rapporte même un pécule à la commune. Ce qui, aux yeux des maires, représente forcément un autre attrait.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Brigitte Perucca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
</item>
<item>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/06/23/des-etats-generaux-pour-la-bioethique.html</guid>
<title>Des Etats généraux pour la bioéthique</title>
<link>http://ensemble.blogs.letelegramme.com/archive/2009/06/23/des-etats-generaux-pour-la-bioethique.html</link>
<author>noreply@blogs.letelegramme.com (ensemble)</author>
<category>Sciences et technologie</category>
<pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2009 03:34:00 +0200</pubDate>
<description>
&lt;p&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt; &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt; &lt;w:TrackMoves /&gt; &lt;w:TrackFormatting /&gt; &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt; &lt;w:PunctuationKerning /&gt; &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /&gt; &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt; &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt; &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt; &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF /&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;FR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt; &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt; &lt;w:Compatibility&gt; &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables /&gt; &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell /&gt; &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct /&gt; &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules /&gt; &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit /&gt; &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /&gt; &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp /&gt; &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables /&gt; &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx /&gt; &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs /&gt; &lt;w:CachedColBalance /&gt; &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt; &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt; &lt;m:mathPr&gt; &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:dispDef /&gt; &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot; /&gt; &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot; /&gt; &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;   DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;   LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;    UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot; /&gt; &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot; /&gt; &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable         {mso-style-name:&quot;Tableau Normal&quot;;         mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;         mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;         mso-style-noshow:yes;         mso-style-priority:99;         mso-style-qformat:yes;         mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;         mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;         mso-para-margin-top:0cm;         mso-para-margin-right:0cm;         mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;         mso-para-margin-left:0cm;         line-height:115%;         mso-pagination:widow-orphan;         font-size:11.0pt;         font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;         mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;         mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;         mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;         mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;         mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;         mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 24pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Des Etats généraux pour la bioéthique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;LE MONDE | 09.06.09 | 14h17&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;•&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Mis à jour le 09.06.09 | 14h17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;dropcap&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;rès de trente ans après la naissance de son premier bébé-éprouvette en 1981, et quinze ans après qu'elle se fut dotée d'une législation pionnière, en 1994, la France revisite les fondements de ses lois en matière de bioéthique. Quels sont, aujourd'hui, les problèmes moraux soulevés par la recherche médicale, biologique, ou génétique ?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Lancés dans la discrétion en février, les Etats généraux de la bioéthique se poursuivent en juin par trois grands forums publics, avant d'être clos par le président de la République, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lemonde.fr/sujet/6ba2/nicolas-sarkozy.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Nicolas Sarkozy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, le 23 juin. Ils sont conçus comme un temps de débats et de réflexion citoyens, prélude à la révision des lois, en 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Par les Etats généraux, le gouvernement cherche à susciter &lt;i&gt;&quot;un questionnement partagé&quot;&lt;/i&gt; sur les valeurs qui structurent la législation française : primauté de la personne humaine, non-patrimonialité du corps humain, anonymat et gratuité du don. Ces piliers sont ébranlés par les évolutions de la société.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Jusqu'à présent, la France s'était caractérisée par la cohérence et la permanence de sa législation sur les sciences du vivant. Pour la première révision des lois de bioéthique, en 2004, le législateur avait admis du bout des lèvres une possibilité d'évolution : après un débat très intense sur le clonage thérapeutique, il avait autorisé, sous conditions strictes, les recherches sur les cellules souches embryonnaires tout en conservant symboliquement le principe de leur interdiction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Cinq ans après, le débat, de scientifique, est devenu sociétal : alors que les conditions d'accès à l'assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP) n'avaient quasiment pas été discutées en 2004, elles s'imposent, en 2009, comme l'enjeu majeur de la future révision. En 1994, la loi avait réservé l'aide à la procréation (fécondation in vitro, insémination artificielle) aux couples hétérosexuels en la concevant comme une réponse médicale à l'infertilité. Quinze ans plus tard, l'AMP est confrontée à des demandes sociales plus larges et est revendiquée par les femmes célibataires ou les couples d'homosexuelles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;De la même manière, alors que la loi avait explicitement interdit les mères porteuses en 1994, la gestation pour autrui apparaît, aux yeux de ses partisans, comme un nouveau remède à l'infertilité pour les femmes qui ne peuvent porter leur enfant. Enfin, la société ne peut plus ignorer la revendication des adultes nés d'un don de gamète anonyme (sperme ou ovocyte) et qui demandent à connaître leurs origines.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Sur ces questions, la France se retrouve souvent en position défensive. Elle est ainsi l'un des derniers pays occidentaux à ne pas s'être doté d'un dispositif juridique permettant la levée partielle ou totale de l'anonymat des donneurs de gamètes. Beaucoup de pays ont par ailleurs assoupli leur réglementation sur l'aide à la procréation, ouvrant, par exemple, l'insémination artificielle aux couples d'homosexuelles. Le libéralisme de plusieurs voisins européens alimente le &lt;i&gt;&quot;tourisme procréatif&quot;&lt;/i&gt; : des couples de Français, qu'ils soient hétérosexuels ou homosexuels, n'hésitent plus à franchir les frontières pour bénéficier des techniques d'aide à la procréation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Face à ces nouvelles demandes sociales, la loi est en porte-à-faux. Parce que la France a construit sa législation bioéthique non de façon pragmatique, mais en se dotant de grands principes, elle oppose ainsi une fin de non-recevoir aux revendications émergentes d'extension des pratiques biomédicales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;L'un des enjeux de la révision des lois sera donc de savoir si le pays est prêt à faire des concessions sur certains des grands piliers de sa loi - anonymat et gratuité du don, non-patrimonialité du corps humain - afin d'admettre des pratiques qui prospèrent hors de ses frontières. Rien n'est moins sûr, à la vue de la virulence des débats qui opposent les opposants et les détracteurs des mères porteuses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;C'est dans ce contexte que &lt;i&gt;Le Monde&lt;/i&gt; a imaginé ce dossier spécial, destiné à éclairer les principaux termes du débat. Les six questions-clés de la future révision des lois de bioéthique sont exposées dans une double page, puis éclairées par l'analyse d'une juriste, et par le point de vue des différentes confessions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Parce qu'elles ressortent de l'intime, tout en engageant notre idée de l'humain et de sa valeur, les questions de bioéthique transcendent les clivages politiques et idéologiques traditionnels. Puisse le lecteur se forger une conviction à l'aube d'un processus de révision qui bornera pour plusieurs années les contours du possible et du souhaitable en matière de bioéthique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Cécile Prieur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 
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